WP/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/IB-chem-2009-2016-syllabus-comparison-05.png' alt='Ib Question Bank Free Download Essential Oils' title='Ib Question Bank Free Download Essential Oils' />Living Standards and Industrial Clusters in Nigeria.The manufacturing sector which is key to generating different linkages in the economy is weak and has been unable to contribute significantly to the GDP and employment.The future prospect of the sector is not bright, given the extant growth rates and challenges confronting the sector.Results of a recent study of the countrys Index of Industrial Production IIP, which measures the productivity of an economy, indicate that the real sector is in need of help.The three sectors examined, namely manufacturing, mining, and electricity have failed to record appreciable growth between 2.Osae Brown, 2. 01.Ib Question Bank Free Download Essential Oils' title='Ib Question Bank Free Download Essential Oils' />Express Helpline Get answer of your question fast from real experts.Putting Money in Motion How much do migrants pay for domestic transfers Shreyas Gopinath, Justin Oliver, Ajay Tannirkulam, Supriyo Bhattacharya, R.R. Kulkarni. Biofuels have lately been indicated as a promising source of cheap and sustainable energy.In this paper we argue that some important ethical and environmental issues.Table 3. 1. The implication of this finding is lower productivity, and higher level of unemployment which will be discussed in detail in subsequent chapters.Despite these challenges, FDI inflows to Nigeria have been considerable.In 2. 01. 1, for example, Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa together accounted for about half of the FDI inflows to the continent Okubadejo, 2.In Nigeria, in particular, total investment as a percentage of GDP has averaged 2.International Monetary Fund IMF, 2.In addition, in mid 2.Fitch Group, Moodys, and Standard Poors S P, have all praised the countrys economic performance and raised Nigerias credit ratings.For instance, S P increased the countrys long term foreign and local currency sovereign credit rating from B in the last quarter of 2.BB8 in January 2.FDI potential and credit worthiness of the country Guardian, 2.The question then is how did the country arrive at this low level of industrialization given its relatively significant material and human resource base10.Finance Act, 1997 inserted a new Chapter XIID in the 1961, Act with heading special provisions relating to tax on distributed profits on domestic companies.In this section, I present a political economic development narrative that shows three to four decades of Nigerias industrialization as an outcome of state led development that in large part failed and then highlight the substantive themes that can be drawn out from this narrative.Historical Evolution of Nigerias Political Economy and Industrial Landscape.Pre independence Extractive Mercantilist Pathway.The British colonial government in Nigeria pursued a mercantilist and extractive policy, not developing any major industries, and not enacting any real industrial policy to promote industrialization in the country Duru, 2.Acemoglu and Johnson 2.Although infrastructure like railroads and waterways were developed before 1.Nigeria. Instead, Nigeria became a supplier of raw materials to industrial Britain, who deindustrialized the indigenous economy by killing or at best stunting existing industries and the skills associated with them, making Nigerians to become slowly incapable of producing handicraft items in which they had developed acknowledged expertise, and which could have provided the basis for real industrial growth and development Njoku 2.The nature of these extractive institutions essentially turned the colonies into sources of primary products, while discouraging the growth of potentially competitive manufacturing industries.Unfortunately, the Nigerian political elite has pursued this same strategy.As the colonial administration came to an end, the mercantilist policy gradually tilted towards the introduction of basic processing methods.This was the era of the pioneer oil mills for palm oil processing, palm kernel and groundnut crushing, cotton ginning, leather tanning, power driven saw mills, beer brewing and oil seed milling Iwuagwu, 2.At independence, the Nigerian economy was thus predominantly agrarian, both in the production for domestic consumption and exports Duru, 2.Afodunrinbi, 2. 00.The agricultural sector employed over 8.Notwithstanding, while the Federal Bureau of Statistics expressed that 1.Adeleke, 2. 01. 2, living standards were comparably better than that of most African countries Afodunrinbi, 2.Import Substitution Pathway.The newly appointed government set about to transform the country, seeking to make Nigeria into a modern industrial economy Duru, 2.Under the First National Development Plan, it implemented an Import Substitution Industrialization ISI policy that sought to reduce dependence on foreign trade and conserve foreign exchange by substituting previously imported goods with local production.To this end, several protectionism measures were implemented, making tariffs on imported intermediate inputs cheap and those on final products expensive.This, however, made it difficult for domestic manufacturing companies to compete, and many became assembly plants that put the final touches on inputs that were imported.Linkages were also not formed within the economy Duru, 2.Famade, 2. 00. 9 Ikpeze, Soludo, Elekwa, 2.Iwuagwu, 2. 01. 1.In 1. 96. 6, the country experienced its first military coup.This was to become a somewhat regular occurrence in Nigeria, with each successive military leader, invariably justifying its take over by condemning its predecessor Njoku, 2.The result was that from 1.Nigeria had two civilian governments and six military regimes coming into power through coups.The corruption, extravagance, and indifference of the politicians towards the populace, coupled with the wealth inequality between the wage workers and the growing middle class, made the coup generally welcome Crowder, 1.In 1. 96. 7, however, the Biafran civil war,9 which lasted until 1.In spite of the political instabilities, manufacturing as a percent of GDP grew by 1 to 6 by 1.Ikpeze et al., 2.However, poverty had also been on the increase since independence Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research NISER, 2.Adeleke, 2. 01. 2.The ordinary worker was also faced with increasing rent and food prices Crowder, 1.Post War Efforts.As the war ended in 1.Reconciliation, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction aimed at reconciling the people and rehabilitating and reconstructing existing infrastructures and businesses Iwuagwu, 2.Thus, under the Second National Development Plan 1.Federal Ministry of Information, 1.Iwuagwu, 2. 01. 1, p.In 1. 97. 2, Nigeria adopted the indigenization policy, which was later amended in 1.Nigerians, foster widespread ownership of enterprises among Nigerian citizens, create opportunities for Nigerian indigenous businessmen, and encourage foreign investments to areas of the economy where they were more needed Famade, 2.However, while leadership of the companies was given to Nigerians, strategic positions were still held by foreign owners Iwuagwu, 2.In Nigeria in the 1.Lubeck, 1. 97. 7.As one of the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC, it benefited greatly from the oil boom.Lubeck 1. 97. 7, p.Nigerias export earnings, 7.Gross Domestic Product.Oil, therefore, displaced agriculture in terms of foreign exchange earnings.In fact, as the economy grew from about 6 annually in the 1.Essien, 1. 99. 0.While the Federal Government acknowledged the decline in food production and causes such as decreased soil fertility due to limited use of fertilizer, unimproved crop varieties and breeds of livestock, lack of credit, inadequate extension services, and the use of very simple manually operated tools in its Third Development Plan 1.Federal Republic of Nigeria, p.Indeed, the farmer was not adequately recognized, and relative prices shifted against the rural farmers income per head in the rural areas was comparatively lower than what obtained in the cities public sector investment in physical and social infrastructures continued to increase while agriculture was ignored Essien, 1.Nigeria went from being self sufficient to being a major food importer.The fixed exchange rate policy followed after independence, which led to an overvaluation of the currency, contributed to the ease at which imports which were then cheaper than domestic goods, could be brought in.This was, however, to the detriment of the domestic agricultural and manufacturing sectors Sanusi, 2.Revenue from oil exports continued to flow in.Government began to spend on big projects, and Nigeria was lured not only into the courts of the credit agencies of Europe but also into the net of the International Capital Market ICM Essien, 1.By 1. 97. 5, the oil boom became less of a blessing.Government was not concentrating on other parts of the economy, and millionaires had arisen from illegal monetary sources Falola, 1.DEVELOPMENT STUDIES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.CONTENTSCover page.Contents. Course objectives.Acronym. 5. International relations.Introduction. The concept of international relations.The History of IR.International relations theory.Realism. 8. Liberalism.Democratic peace theory.Institutionalism.English School. Critical theories.Marxist theory. Constructivism.Functionalism. Critical International Relations Theories n Reference to Russia case.A Survey of International Relations Theory.The importance of International Relations Theory in Debate Rounds.Imagining Russia in Western International Relations Theory.International Relations Theory and the case against Unilateralism.Realism counterbalancing and the costs of Unilateralism.Looking for soft balance.International relations of small States.Review of international relations theories related to small states.Development Agenda.Background Information.The challenges of development agenda and Popular support.The first generation of reforms.The second generation of reforms.Conclusion on changing the Development Agenda.To sum up. The development challenges.Inequality. Poverty.Income distribution 3.Unemployment. Environment.Volatility. Conclusion on development challenges.Strategic Development Agenda.Globalization. Measuring globalization.Popular attitudes towards globalization.Pro globalization.Anti globalization.Globalization Challenges.DEVELOPMENT ISSUES Multilateral cooperation.Status of aids for trade.The Rationale for Aid for trade.Managing and Absorbing Large aid Inflows The Role of Trade Measures.WTO Task Force. The IF Task Force.Main Recommendations of the Aid for Trade Task Force.Instruments of IMF and World Bank Aid for Trade.Regional Co operations.The necessity of regional cooperation.Conclusion. Reference.COURSE OBJECTIVES At the end of this course the student will be knowledgeable about 1Which world agenda that are necessary to be incorporated in Development agenda in order to achieve the Millennium Development goal as anticipated in the Vision 2.Be able to explain Bilateral and international Relations and their Impacts in Development.COURSE DESCRIPTION The aim of this course is retool the student with knowledge about world affairs so that he can critically examine and adapt those relevant ones which can facilitate the development of domestic economies.ACTIVITIES TO CARRY OUT THE PLAN I will attain the objectives of the course in the following manner 1 I will research the issue through collection of references from different sources including websites.I will write a research paper with minimum of 1.SOURCE OF DATA My source for description of this course is online catalogue from AIU and other relevant sources.ACRONYM CT Critical Theory.DTIS Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies.ECLAC United Nations Economic Commission of Latin America and Caribbean.FDI Foreign Direct Investment.GDP Gross Domestic Product.IF Integrated Framework for Trade related technical Assistance.IGO intergovernmental organization.IMF International Monetary Fund.IR International Relations.LDCs Less Developed Countries or developing countries.MDGs Millennium Development Goals.MNC Multinational Cooperation.MVA Manufacturing Value Added.NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement.NGO Non Governmental Organization.ODA Official Development Assistance.WB World Bank WTO World trade organization.WW II World War Two.UNDP United Nations Development Programmes.U. S. United States of America.INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSIntroduction.Development of poor countries once appeared linear, technical and dominated by economics.Layers of complexity and new insights from experience, research, and a more rich mix of disciplinary insights have altered the prescriptions of three decades ago past recognition.The development agenda, when it emerged midway through the last century was separate field of study and practice today it is part of global agenda and core concern of contemporary public policy, governance arrangements likewise have taken new forms in an elaborate tapestry of public and private, national and international local and global institutions.Challenges of globalization and security have transformed social policy issues, and vice versa.In some ways, this has brought full circle the concept of development as the bulwark of security, as it was considered in the aftermath of the World War II.More important, however, developments unfinished business to end poverty everywhere and nurture world of balance peace and equity has never more urgent than today.The above phenomena can be addressed using the tools of international relations.International relations IR is a branch of political science, that deals with foreign affairs and global issues among the states within the international system, including the roles of states, intergovernmental organizations, non governmental organizations NGOs and multinational corporations.Using the same, we can attempt to make an analysis of various strategic agendas for development such things like millennium development goals, globalization, issues of corruptions etc.However, before burying ourselves, deeply in such issues, let us expose ourselves to the concept of international relations and its theories.THE CONCEPT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS International relations IR, is a branch of political science is a study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, intergovernmental organizations IGOs, non governmental organizations NGOs, and multinational corporations MNCs.It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states.Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology and cultural studies.It involves a diverse range of issues, from globalization and its impacts on societies and state sovereignty to ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, terrorism, organized crime, human security and human rights.As you can see the IR field is extensive, not easy to cover each and every thing contained in the field. Oracle Select For Update Nowait Time Out . Our attention shall be directed into the world development agendas which shall include globalization and its impacts to the society, to millennium development goals, human security, gender equality, environmental conservations, human rights, etc.THE HISTORY OF IRThe history of international relations is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1.Prior to this, the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order.
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